Odysseus Personal Qualities (f Essay -- essays research papers

The Odyssey, by Homer, is about Odysseus, the king of Ithaca. Odysseus fights in the Trojan War and wins. He travels towards Ithaca but does not reach it because he is not in favor of Poseidon, god of the sea, who prevents his return. For many years, Odysseus wanders the seas and has many adventures. Meanwhile, suitors attempt to marry Penelope, Odysseus’ wife, but she remains faithful to her husband. The gods pity Odysseus and assist in his safe return to Ithaca. Odysseus’ personal qualities of bravery, self-discipline, and intelligence also help him to survive. Though Odysseus has the help of the gods, his personal qualities contribute to his survival in the seas and the return to his family in Ithaca.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bravery is one of Odysseus’ qualities that enable him to survive his adventures. In one adventure, Odysseus encounters the goddess Circe who has turned his men into pigs. Eurylochus escapes from Circe and tells Odysseus what has happened. When Odysseus offers to rescue the men, Eurylochus says that no man can return alive. Knowing this, the brave Odysseus says, “Very well, Eurylochus, you may stay here in this place, eat and drink beside the ship. But as for me, go I must, and go I will.'; (P.117) In another adventure, Odysseus must visit Hades, the kingdom of the dead. When he arrives, he takes out a cup of blood for the prophet, Teiresias, which attracts all of the dead souls. “All this crowd gathered about the pit from every side, with a dreadful great noise, which made me pale with fear.'; (Pg.124) Despite Odysseus’ fear, he shows his courage by remaining calm, protecting the cup, and talking to the souls. In another adventure, Odysseus is forced to sail his ship past the six-headed monster, Scylla. Circe warns him of Scylla and says, “She is no mortal, I tell you, but an immortal fiend, dangerous, deadly, savage, invincible!'; (Pg.140) Nevertheless, Odysseus bravely sails his ship past Scylla knowing that he and his crew may be eaten alive but also that this is the only way home. Because of Odysseus’ bravery with Circe and Scylla and his bravery in Hades, he is able to survive his adventures at sea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another quality that enables Odysseus to return home and restore his kingdom is self-discipline. One testimony to h... ...uitors. He plans to keep his identity a secret and wait for the perfect time to take vengeance on the suitors. As a beggar, the betraying suitors are cruel to him. He notices the kindness of the innocent suitors and they trap the corrupt suitors inside the palace. Because of his intelligent plan, Odysseus is able to trap the suitors in a room, spare the innocent ones, and kill the corrupt ones. Odysseus’ intelligence with the Sirens, the Cyclops, and in his plan to kill the suitors, help him to survive and regain his family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Homer’s, The Odyssey, Odysseus’ personal qualities enable him to survive his adventures and return home to his family. One quality, bravery, is shown through his encounters with Circe, the dead souls, and Scylla. The quality of self-discipline is shown through the adventures with the wooden horse, Nausicaa, and in disguise as a beggar. The quality of intelligence is shown through the encounters with the Sirens, the Cyclops, and the suitors. Odysseus’ personal qualities of bravery, self-discipline, and intelligence contribute to his survival at seas and his return to his family in Ithaca.

Essay --

Nicholas Joseph 1/8/2014 Ethics in Business Prof. Mancini Diversity and Discrimination Regulations The first step in solving a problem is recognizing that there is one. A quote from HBO’s The Newsroom series couldn’t be truer regarding the situation at hand, Discrimination in the workplace. The further you go back in history; the more and more you see discrimination in the workplace. If you were a white male, you had it made. Everyone else was out to fend for themselves but today that’s no the case, at least we hope so. Discrimination in the workplace is a terrible thing, something that shouldn’t even be considered as a problem in this day in age, but unfortunately it is. Thankfully though, there are companies and laws that protect the rights of humans and give everyone a fair chance and do what they want most, live the American dream. Publicly traded companies such as Cisco, EBay, and Adidas, are just three examples of companies that engage in ethical business practices and realize the value and importance of diversity in the workplace. Without companies like this setting examples for others alike, there would be a bigger problem on our hands. Things like higher unemployment, poverty, and other disastrous outcomes would just be the beginning. Now obviously, those are all problems we face in today’s world but just imagine them if they were on a grander scale due to the lack of diversity in the workplace. Fortunately, there are regulations that promote diversity and rid of discrimination and these companies do business the right way. Let’s start with Cisco. According to the Cisco main website, â€Å"Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Jose, California, that designs, manufactures, and sells... ...ng environment is created in order to produce diversity and variety within the workplace. The theory of inclusion provides a broader perspective of diversity. As the workforce continues to exemplify a broader base of minority groups, the dominant population begins to lessen and questions emerge. Based on the idea of inclusion, white men do fit into a diversity requirement because they themselves are a group that is included in the diverseness of a company. Taking the stats from above, 48.45 percent of employees in private industry were women, while 34.1 percent belonged to race/ethnic minority. With those being minorities themselves and adding the percentages together, that’s a combined 82.55 percent. That leaves 17.45 percent for white men, in turn, making them a minority, which is the entire reason for a diverse workplace.

Eilis character notes

Ellis â€Å"never made mistakes when she did her addition† ; Devout Catholic – she attended mass every Sunday in Insincerity ;Ellis immigrating to America was entirely Rose's initiative -as Rose and her mother collude with Father Flood, Ellis feels â€Å"like a child† whose fate is being decided for her. ; Ellis is, by nature, reserved and emotionally guarded. She is selective in her relationships and shies away from physical intimacy.It is not easy for her to express her true feelings, even those closest to her. This particularly evident in her relationship with Tony†¦.. ;When Ellis does not have the confidences to act on her instincts, she makes mistakes. The foremost is her impulsive marriage to Tony, but her resentment to Jim Farrell is another. ; Throughout the text, her actions are generally informed by the twin values of connection to family and a clearly defined sense of duty. ; Her generosity is constant, and Tony calls her a â€Å"good person†. Yet the internal conflict generated by her return home causes her to lie by omission and to behave with great cruelty towards the unsuspecting Jim. ; Approximately twenty years old Young women from Insincerity Immigrates to America for work Works in Barstool's department store in Brooklyn Studies bookkeeping; ; During the course of the novel she becomes romantically involved with Tony Fiercely and Jim Farrell. ; She matures over the course of the novel, â€Å"you seem more grown up and serious. And in your American clothes you look different.You have an air about you† (Nancy, p. 230) ; Her independence and resilience are revealed gradually. She has to exercise her Judgment and make critical choices with little guidance or support. Her initial naivety is balanced by natural curiously and a determination to learn. ; She takes the opportunities provided to educate herself, and as the word opens up before her, embraces new ideas with less diffidence than before. Living in New York encourages assertiveness, and Ellis becomes more inclined to trust herself.At work, she learns to be â€Å"brave and decisive†. ; Returning to Insincerity, Ellis slips back into the rhythm of the town easily and finds comfort in its familiar faces and rituals. Yet the changes produced by her experiences in America are obvious to all, â€Å"Everything about you is different†, her friend Nancy insist: â€Å"you seem more grown up and serious. And in our American clothes you look different. You have an air about you. † ;Her poise and self-assurance intimidated her mother, however attracted Jim Farrell.

Roosevelt a Liberal and Hoover a Conservative

Throughout the history of America conflicting beliefs of how the government should affect our lives has been categorized from either a Liberal or a conservative standpoint. A liberal is one who may be considered a radical, one who believes government has a role to play in our lives and moves towards the new age of humanity. Conservatives share a completely different set of beliefs, they believe in the old ways, a government which doesn't influence our lives, and side with the rights of states and the people. According to these beliefs Hoover follows conservative beliefs more or less and Roosevelt follows a more liberal beliefs. These standpoints can be more defined by comparing them with radicals and influential figures of the age. President Hoover being who he was, was a conservative. Being raised in poverty and still achieving to gain the presidency instilled the idea in him that if he can overcome challenges and economic turmoil so should every other person in the country. Rugged Individualism, as this ideology was called, influenced Hoover against providing direct aid to the people in the Great Depression. To keep the government out of the peoples lives he gave money to business’s and banks with the hope that money would trickle down to the people. As a part of this attempt he created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in attempt to create jobs for the common people. Providing aver half a billion dollars to indirectly help the poor. (Doc C). Later in his term however Hoover began taking a more liberal stance on important issues. Realizing his previous policies didn't help the people he began asking congress to help fun public work projects. (Doc. B). One of the largest of these projects was the Hoover Dam which provided many jobs to those in need. One of the final changes of heart that Hoover experienced was giving a helping hand to unions. By passing the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act he succeeded in outlawing yellow dog contracts, and stopped the use of injunction on strikes and boycotts. These displays of authority during his term proves Hoover to be a developing man of both conservative and liberal beliefs. Roosevelt was a Liberal president, one that strived to bring change to our government, bringing it to terms with the modern era. To bring us out of the depression Roosevelt pulled out as many new and crazy ideas as he could to try and bring our economy back to normal and benefit those in need. (doc. E) Within months of becoming president Roosevelt had already created a number of government based programs to support his three point plan to provide relief, recovery, and reform. In doing this Roosevelt proceeded in one of the most liberal actions of any president, passing the 21st amendment which canceled out another amendment. This amendment allowed for beer and wine to be sold so that the government could receive tax money. The three point plan instilled by Roosevelt included much more then just the legalization of booze. A number of what became known as Alphabet Agencies arose to help ease the need to find jobs. Programs such as the CCC helped with forest protection, while FERA directed by Hopkins granted a few billion dollars to the states to be distributed as seen fit. Other agencies such as ADA or HOLC contributed in other ways to ease the economy. These tendencies prove Roosevelt to be a Liberal president, however he saw himself as a conservative, a savior of democracy in hard times. It was because of his liberal actions that he was able to preserve conservative ways. (Doc. G) By these policies and beliefs it becomes valid point that Roosevelt is much more liberal then he is conservative. Many Influential people of the time and age can help define the outlook these two presidents and exactly where they stand. President Wilson was the embodiment of liberal thinking, bringing the nation into the first world war, making the government a part of every persons life. Coolidge was in contrast to Wilson an embodiment of conservative ideals refusing to give pity to the poor and taking part in their lives. With these marks to judge by the standpoint of Roosevelt and Hoover become very apparent. While Roosevelt may claim to be conservative, he is in fact very liberal, although not nearly as much as Wilson. Hoover may seem to be a conservative, but when compared t Coolidge it becomes clear that he is almost borderline liberal. Whether a president claims to be a liberal or a conservative his true beliefs are hidden until the full extent and intentions of his policies and actions are taken into account. The characterizations that Herbert Hoover was a conservative, and that Franklin Roosevelt is a liberal are both very valid points.

Hercules Essay

Adrianna Barnhart Mrs. Browning Blk. 6 English 10 9-19-12 The Story of Hercules [pic][pic][pic] Hercules, aka Herakles, was a buff god. He was the god of power. His father Zeus was the god of the skies, his mother a mortal, making Hercules a demigod. Alcmene, Hercules mother, wasn’t the wife of Zeus, Hera the goddess of earth was, and she was livid. In fact, Hera was so livid she threatened the baby’s life by sending in to Hercules crib two serpents. According to the legend, the serpents were sent in to strangle the baby, but Hercules just sat up wrapped his baby hands around their necks strangling them.His failure to die in this scenario would affect him for years to come. (Carr, Karen PhD) Hera was determined to make Hercules’ life hell for being born and killing her prized snakes, so when Hercules married and had two kids, she sought it a good time to make Hercules, literally, crazy. She summoned madness on him, causing him to lose his mind and kill his wife a nd children. When he came back to his normal state, he was upset to see his love along with his children lifeless in their home. He sent for Apollo to help him rid his woes.Apollo told him in order to liberate him from his sins, Hercules had to report to King Eurystheus and partake in 10 labors. Hercules, wanting be released from his depravities, walks to King Eurystheus’ palace, ready to perform his first task. (Carr, Karen PhD) His first mission was to kill The Nemean Lion, and bring King Eurystheus the hide. The Nemean Lion lived in Nemea, where he terrorized the hills and villages with the area. He hiked for a long time until he eventually stopped in a town known as Cleonae, where he stayed with a man named Molorchus.Under the company of Hercules, Molorchus proposed the suggestion of sacrificing an animal for a good hunt. Intrigued by the idea, Hercules recommended that they wait 30 days for Hercules to come back, where they would sacrifice the animal to Zeus; however, if Hercules didn’t return, Molorchus would sacrifice the animal to him, the man who died a hero. With the plan intact, Hercules left for Nemea. Hercules arrived in Nemea and located the lion. He soon found his arrows were pointless against the lion so he would need to find a better strategy.He followed the lion to a cave with two entrances; he blocked one with sticks and stones and went inside through the other. Without any hesitation, he threw his arms around the lion and strangled him. He then headed back to Cleonae and caught up to Molorchus on the 30th day, where they sacrificed to Zeus together. (The Nemean Lion) After the sacrifice, Hercules went back to Mycenae to deliver the lion to King Eurystheus. The king impressed and frightened Hercules completed the labor, built himself a little room made of bronze under his palace, so Hercules couldn’t reach him.He then banished Hercules from the city and started giving him tasks through a herald. (The Nemean Lion) His sec ond duty was a bit more challenging. Hercules was required to slay the Lernean Hydra. The hydra lived in the swamps of Lernea, where it enjoyed bullying the townspeople. A hydra is a poisonous serpent with eight mortal heads and one immortal head and when one head is chopped off two grow back in its place. Knowing the assignment was nearly impossible, he acquired help from his trusty nephew Iolaus. When they reached the monster, Hercules went straight up and bashed it in the head with his club.He discovered the hydra wouldn’t die from chopping its heads off, so he told Iolaus to torch the neck of the hydra after Hercules cut it off. They continued this strategy until the last head came off. When it came down to the immortal head, Hercules buried it in the ground then laid a boulder on top of the dirt. They then traveled back to Mycenae to tell the king, however, Eurystheus wouldn’t accept this labor because Hercules had help. (The Lernean Hydra) Disappointed, Hercules waited for his new orders. King Eurystheus wanted the Hind of Ceryneia.A hind is a female, red deer and this one had gold horns and bronze hooves. This hind was Diana’s prized possession, so killing the deer was not an option. Hercules hunted the deer for a year before finally receiving the opportunity to trap her. The deer stopped for a drink of water, and at the opportune moment, Hercules shot her. As he was taking the hind to Mycenae, he ran in to Apollo and Diana. Diana was upset that Hercules had shot her deer, but before she confiscated it, Hercules told her the truth, so she instead healed the deer’s wounds and sent Hercules on his way to King Eurystheus. The Hind of Ceryneia Diana’s Pet Deer) With the completion of the 3rd task, it was time for Hercules to complete his 4th. Hercules had to deliver King Eurystheus the Erymanthian Boar alive. The boar lived on a mountain Erymanthus that attacked men and animals all over the countryside destroying everythin g in its path. Just to clarify, the boar attacked the men and stuff, not the mountain. Anyway, Hercules, after witnessing his friend Chiron die, found the boar and chased it all around the mountain. He chased the boar until it ran into the undergrowth where the boar became trapped in the snow.Hercules stabbed the boar with his spear then carried it on his shoulders to Mycenae. The king scared once more, hid himself in his little bronze room under his palace. (The Erymanthian Boar) As Hercules accomplished things that no normal man could, King Eurystheus started hiding much more often. Wanting to not be scared for once, he assigned Hercules the responsibility of cleaning the Stables of Augeas. King Augeas had the most cattle in the country and the thought of someone cleaning the stables in one day was assumed to be impossible, that is until Hercules came along.Hercules, without talking to Eurystheus, made his way to King Augeas and told him he would clean his stables in one day if Au geas would pay him 1/10 of his cattle. King Augeas agreed, and Hercules got to work. He started by tearing a big hole in the in the cattle yard then ripping another in the opposite wall. Next, he dug two trenches that connected to two different rivers that flowed by. The water rushed in the hole of the cattle yard and out the other carrying out the stinky mess. He then plugged the holes and went to get his payment.However, King Augeas refused to give Hercules the reward and told him to take it to court. Hercules did and had Augeas’ son testify that he promised the reward, the court ruled Augeas to pay him. Flustered, King Augeas paid Hercules then banished Hercules and his son from the city. Hercules went back to Mycenae to tell King Eurystheus the good news, but was instead disappointed to find the king not validating the task because he was paid. (The Augean Stables Hercules Cleans Up) For the 6th labor, Hercules was told to shoo away the Stymphalian Birds that gathered at the lake of Stymphalos.It is undefined whether or not these birds were man-eating. Hercules not quite sure how to get rid of the birds is saved by Athena, the goddess of wisdom and war strategy, gave him a pair of bronze Krotala, which are noise making clappers. Hercules gladly accepted the gift and went on with his journey. Once he was near the lake of Stymphalos, he began climbing the adjacent mountain. At the top of the mountain, he clapped the Krotala then shot at the birds as they took off. He then returned to Mycenae for his next set of instructions. (The Stymphalian Birds) His 7th set of orders, bring the Cretan Bull.The Cretan bull was sent as a sacrifice from Poseidon to Minos, the king of Crete. In order to keep his throne, he promised Poseidon he would sacrifice any animal he sent him. Poseidon sent this bull however; Minos thought it was too beautiful to kill, so he sacrificed a different one. Outraged, Poseidon cursed Minos’ wife to fall in love with the bull, an d when she birthed a Minotaur, Minos concealed him in the Labyrinth. Hercules easily located the bull, wrestled it, and then brought it back to King Eurystheus. The king let it go where it wandered around and terrorized Greece for most of its life. The Cretan Bull) His 8th task came and Hercules once more had it completed. He was told to steal the man-eating horses of Diomedes. Determined to become one step closer to freedom, Hercules sailed with a posse of volunteers across the Augean sea to Bistonia. He and his companions took on those guarding the horses, easily defeating them; they attempted to steal the horses. At the sight of the thieves, a gang of Bistonian soldiers flanked the group, but their efforts were proven pointless when Hercules and the rest of the group fled for Mycenae along with the horses.Once Hercules delivered the horses, King Eurystheus let the mares free where they were eaten by wild beasts. (The Man-Eating Horses of Diomedes) For his 9th, Hercules was sent t o retrieve the belt of Hippolyte, the queen of the Amazons. The Amazons were a tribe of women soldiers named after the Greek word meaning â€Å"missing one breast. † They received this name when a soldier’s right breast got in the way of her spear. Queen Hippolyte’s belt was a leather one, worn for carrying her spear and sword, given to her by Ares. Eurystheus wanted the belt as a birthday present for his daughter.Hercules and friends sailed for the land of the Amazons, when they arrived, Hippolyte arrived to greet them. She and Hercules began talking and when he told her why he needed her belt she agreed to give it to him. However, Hera was on the island too. She told all the Amazons Hercules was here to kidnap the queen. When Hercules saw he was under attack, he drew his sword and killed the queen, then took her belt, killed the enemy, and set sail for Mycenae. (Hippolyte’s Belt Hercules Fights the Amazons) His final labor, his 10th, one of the most cha llenging labors Hercules was to perform, was the retrieval of the Cattle of Geryon.His final task was for Hercules to travel across the world to Erythia, an island near the boundary of Europe and Libya. Geryon was a monster who had three sets of legs (6 in total) and three heads. He kept a herd of cattle guarded by Orthus, a 2 headed hound, and the herdsman Eurytion. Once Hercules reached his destination, he built two mountains to symbolize the journey he took (these mountains would later be known as the Pillars of Hercules. ) He killed Orthus and then Geryon and left with the cattle. Two sons of Poseidon attempted to steal the cattle, so Hercules killed them.Later on the journey, one of the bulls escaped to Sicily, then made its way to the neighboring country Italy, which was named after the Greek word Italus meaning â€Å"bull. † Hercules left the herd to Hephaestus while he chased after the cow. Hercules found it in Eryx’s herd, so he wrestled him for it and won, th en returned it to the herd. Hera didn’t want Hercules to accomplish the labor, so she sent a gadfly to attack the cattle. The herd scattered everywhere, and Hercules once more had to retrieve them, when he gathered them all up, he went straight to the king.Once they were delivered to the king, Eurystheus sacrificed them to Hera, an interesting coincidence. (The Cattle of Geryon) Hercules now having completed his ten labors was caught by surprise when King Eurystheus told him he had two more labors because he didn’t count the Hydra or his cleaning of the stables. Eurystheus was hungry I guess, but nothing would satisfy him except for the golden apples of Hespirides. The garden was guarded by a 100 headed dragon, Ladon, and by nymphs who were daughters of Atlas, the titan who held the sky and earth on his soldiers.Hercules had a long journey fighting through Poseidon’s sons and killing the eagle that attacked Prometheus, that once he caught a break, he realized he wasn’t even sure of where to go. He saw Atlas on the side of the road just holding up the world. Hercules asked Atlas if he would go to the garden and get him some apples. Atlas agreed, so he gave the world to Hercules. Once he was back, Atlas asked if he could take the apples to Eurystheus. Hercules agreed, but asked to put on padding. Once the world was on Atlas so Hercules could put on his padding, Hercules grabbed he apples and ran off towards Mycenae.Athena came and confiscated and brought the apples back to the garden because they belonged to the gods. (The Apples of Hesperides) His final labor was to go to the underworld and steal the beast, Cerberus. The underworld was ruled by Hades and his wife Persephone and only the dead were allowed in. Hercules eventually found Hades, who promised to give Hercules the beast as long as he could defeat the beast weaponless. Hercules went to the entrance of the underworld and saw Cerberus. Without any hesitation, he threw his arms around the beast. Cerberus fell under the force of Hercules and left with him to king Eurystheus.Eventually, Cerberus was given back to Hades without a scratch on him, except his dignity. (Cerberus) After completing all of the labors, Hercules remarried to a woman, Deianira. She was kidnapped by a centaur, Nessus. Hercules got her back of course and killed Nessus, but in the process of his dying, he told Deianira that if she smeared his blood on Hercules, he would love her forever. For Hercules birthday, Deianira gave him a cloak covered in the centaur’s blood, but when he put it on, it ended up burning his skin. To get rid of the pain, he killed himself then traveled to Mt.Olympus to become a god. He widowed a woman and left four sons, Hyllus, Clesippus, Glenus, and Hodites alone. (Carr, Karen PhD) Hercules is a difficult god to classify. Being a demigod, he doesn’t really have a rank and not many powers except strength. He had the weakness of being immoral and greed y, but there was literally nothing he couldn’t do physically. Some of the allusions associated with Hercules is the â€Å"Hercules Piorot† a detective that always finds the murderer and wrestlers want to be named after him because he was strong. Other examples include wrestlers.Hercules is a very common name in the wrestling business because it would make the person appear stronger. The C-130 plane is a plane made of steel, which is sometimes referred to as Hercules because steel is strong and not easily broken. Works Cited 1. Carr, Karen. Hercules for Kids-Herakles in Ancient Greek Mythology-Ancient Greece for Kidiepie-History for Kids. 2012. http://www. historyforkids. org/learn/greeks/religion/myths/herakle. html 2. Hercules (also called Hercakles). 62695. Web. http://ballpoint. org/greekgods/hercules. html 3. The Nemean Lion. Perseus Project. Web. http://www. perseus. tufts. edu/herakles. /lion. html

Assignments Physical Activity, Disease and Public Health

Obesity is becoming a leading killer disease in the world. The changing nature of life has led to change in lifestyle which has led to increased cases of lifestyle diseases.   It is estimated that more than half of the population of United States is obese or overweight.However epidemiological studies show ethnic and racial dimension with regard to prevalence of obesity in the population. African Americans especially African American women have a higher prevalence of obesity compared to other races.There are many genetic and environmental factors which have been predisposing African Americans to increased cases of obesity. Obesity does not only affect health and social life of the individual but it is also a gateway to development of many other chronic illnesses.   If not well managed, obesity leads to other terminal illnesses like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and others.Change in diet and tendency towards a sedentary lifestyle have been identified as the leading causes of ob esity all over the world.   The increasing prevalence of obesity in the population has been correlated with myriad of environmental, behavioral, physiological, and genetic factors.   Attenuated metabolic response to the exposures in the environmental combined with a number of predisposing factors and low level of energy expenditure leads to   positive energy balance which increases body weight.Several researches have underpinned the importance of diet modification and exercise in reducing body weight. However the emphasis has been mainly on diet modification with less attention on the role of exercises. Regular exercises can help to burn the excess body fats leading to reduction of obesity.In this study we are going to review a number of studies which have looked into the role of exercise in the management of obesity. The study   review a total of 10 studies from American Journal of Nutrition, JAMA, British Journal of Sports Medicine, and many   other renown medical sites. The key search words used include obesity, African Americans, Body Mass Index, and physical activitiesObesityObesity is one of the growing health problems in the world. Since the mid 20th century, the number of obese individuals in the population has been growing at an alarming rate due to the changing nature of our life.   The high prevalence of overweight and obesity is a great concern for adults, children, and adolescents not only in the United States but also in the rest of the world.  Obesity can be defined as increase in body weight due to accumulation of fat tissues. Individual weight status is usually determined by the Body Mass Index, which is a ratio of individual’s weight to height.   Body mass index has been shown as one of the most effective tools to assess the level of risk from individual weight. Obesity can be described as accumulation of fast on the body due to a positive energy balance.The food we eat is used up for body metabolism processes and the r est is stored as fats in the body adipose tissues.   If we eat too much and engage in fewer exercises, there is that energy balance in the body that is converted to fat.   Therefore the more we eat or the higher calorie foods that we eat, the more we gain weight and we end up being obese.According to the body mass index measure, a health individual should have a BMI of 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2. The following table shows the classification of BMI and the body weight status.

The Educational Reforms Policy Education Essay

The Educational reforms policy has extremely valued the betterment in the instruction sector in Pakistan as stated by Education reforms Policy 2009. On the other manus national authoritiess and employers have argued that it is of import for all sectors of instruction to fix persons who are able to believe good and for themselves ( Pithers, Rebecca sodden 2010 ) . The states with most economic growing and development have rather a good educational substructure and as stated above, They work rather difficult on supplying quality instruction through available resources. Therefore we have a job of importance of incorporating critical thought with the current educational reforms. In this assignment I will foreground some of the instruction sector reforms along with the construct of critical thought. First portion constitute of state portfolio, followed by the work of authorities in the instruction sector and it as the instance survey which is subsequently on followed by an history of the policy of authorities and schemes it presented which shows the complete scenario subsequently on an history on critical thought and it ‘s usage has been elaborated while the decision highlights how it can be used to better the bing authorization of instruction reforms.1.2 Country portfolio:Pakistan became an autonomous state in 1947 when British India split into a Muslim province of Pakistan and a mostly Hindu India. The state is a federation of four states, each one with a parliamentary system, federally administered Tribal Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory. The four states are Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwah ( KPK ) and Balochistan. Pakistan is situated in South Asia, surrounding India to the East, Iran to the South West, China to the North East, and Afghanistan to the West and North. To the South is the Arabian Sea. Pakistan is an Islamic Republic. Since 1947 the state has experienced a assortment of democratic and military authoritiess. Pakistan has approximately 162 million dwellers ( 2005 estimation ) . Most, 97 % of the population is Muslim. The state is composed of several cultural groups of which Punjabi is the largest and rest include Pashtuns, Balochi and Sindhi while several smaller cultural groups. Punjabi is one of the most widely spoken linguistic communication along with Urdu as the official linguistic communication and English as the linguistic communication of disposal. The public is immature and fast turning with a mean age of 19.58 old ages and a public growing rate of 2.03 % . The state has an estimated literacy rate someplace between 48 % and 54 % depending on the beginnings and the definitions used ( 10 years+ or 15 years+ ) with large gender differences and differences between rural, tribal and urban countries. 32 % of the public lives below the poorness line. The chief employment is within agribusiness sector ( 42 % ) , while 38 % of the human resource work in services while 20 % in industry. The state has been hurt from long internal differences, a low degree of foreign investing in the private sector and wars with India. However, in recent yesteryear, helped by macroeconomic betterments and an addition in industrial production, Pakistan has practiced a positive ec onomic disposition, with an one-year growing in GDP of 6.1 % . The Fundamental law from 1973 ( article 33 ) needs development of an instruction policy to safeguard the saving, pattern and ascent of Islamic political orientation and rules as enshrined in the instructions of the Quran and the Holy Prophet. The National Education Policy ( 1998-2010 ) clearly states the aim of doing Islamic instruction the codification of life incorporated in all signifiers of instruction. The instance survey:1.3 Education Sector Reforms.The Government ‘s I-PRSP sets endeavoring marks for polishing instruction sector results and the Government has moved to set in topographic point programs to accomplish these marks. The Federal Minister of Education used an Education Sector Reform ( ESR ) plan in 2001 which seeks to offer national leading around the Education For All program every bit good as reference major sectorial issues. The ESR wants to turn to these achievements have been challenged in the past few months, and the Pakistan economic system has been adversely affected by the post-September 11th events. The Government is at work to remain the declared class of action and endure to turn to the organisational reform docket. Some of the critical letdowns of the yesteryear in the instruction sector by supplying resource mobilisation and use, and presenting institutional reforms at every degree of instruction to progress in administration. Goals are set for increasing literacy, gross primary registration, in-between school and secondary registration and higher instruction, by the twelvemonth 2004. The attack for traveling towards these aims include a assorted figure of constituents and investings at all degrees of instruction, including an ample sum of literacy programme, enlargement of primary and simple degree instruction, conveying up of a proficient watercourse at secondary school degree, polishing quality of instruction through instructor preparation which is one of chief procedure of educational reforms, higher instruction sector reforms which chiefly aims at instruction higher than class 12, and public private subdivision partnerships. In add-on, the ESR includes new open uping plans in scrutiny betterment, a countrywide instruction appraisal system illustration of which are the HEC and quality confidence programmes, picture text edition libraries, along with early childhood instruction known chiefly as baby's room and an â€Å" follow a school † plan. The Islamabad Capital Territory is being utilized to prove a figure of the assorted enterprises consisting the e nlisting of instructors on contract bases, implementing preparation exercisings for caput instructors and instruction centres to assist better instructors ‘ educational cognition, promotion of entry makings for instructors and presenting a instructor focused codification of moralss to work out chronic instructor absenteeism. In the context of devolution/decentralization, administration betterments constitutes sturdily in the ESR. Mechanisms are being established to reorganise school control and citizens community boards, provide assorted extra resources for instruction and rationalisation of supervisors to territory degrees. The said Citizen Boards and School Management Committees are given duty for some elements of monitoring and supervising of instructor public presentation which is a critical portion of this country. Self-acting monitoring plans will besides be set up to grade policy and pattern. The ESR puts a high precedence on consolidation of public private partnerships in the conveyance of instruction services. Encouragements to the private sector to set up schools, peculiarly in rural countries and urban slums would be rather utile in this respect which include proviso of free of cost or concessional land, non commercial services rates, generous grant of charters, and exclusion of certain types of dues and revenue enhancements. The Government has besides taken the chief function in reformation of the Nationwide Education Foundation supplying it with greater independency under the Societies Act. The Sindh Government ‘s â€Å" Adopt a School † plan has been rather positive in intriguing corporate and other financess to concern text editions, schools uniforms, and other commissariats every bit good as preservation of edifices, and is being replicated in diverse parts of the state. In add-on the Government plans to absorb private sector and NGO schools into the Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) and the National Education Assessment agreement at national and provincial degrees. In tantamount with the federal authorities ‘s ESR creativeness, provincial authoritiess, wherever duty for instruction remainders, are besides get downing to set in topographic point steps that address some of the most cardinal jobs of the system, such as naming instructors to account through a re-certification procedure, associating wage with public presentation ( attending ) , assignment of new instructors on contract bases and specifically for school with assorted researching ways to run all available underutilized school edifices. Each state has begun to quite earnestly supervise teacher presence and subjective grounds of that has been provided in many countries. To spread out installations, a new start has been prepared on a large backlog of postponeded care and the plan of alot new militias has been rationalized. Education sections are holding duties of stock lists fresh schools and look intoing options for their use, inter alia through â€Å" undertaking out † bat tles.Theory used:The direction scientific discipline position of the popular organizational acquisition theory, specifically the ‘technical ‘ strand, has been used and applied to this peculiar survey ( Addleson, 1996 ; Easterby-Smith 1997 ) . It foresees that the university administration is infact a system that aligns its purposes to particular action programs to gain awaited results ( Agyris & A ; Schon, 1978 ) . As the university replies to alterations in its ambiance, it is possible that it will besides redefine its purposes or at least alter its action programs in order to obtain satisfactory results as it often adapts to its unstable ambiance. The state of affairs in which the university maps has been considered by worsening and intermittent authorities support, increasing societal authorization for higher instruction, increasing independency and answerability as required by the appraisal and quality bureaus. The reaction of the university can be a new or a counter active action program could be started by a feedback cringle when the anticipated results have non been attained. In the same manner, the responses of the university administration can be so prevailing that they move the said purposes or programs ( bing norms or values ) that will besides do new action programs to obtain satisfactory consequences. Curative programs or incremental fluctuations are the most common in university organisations ( Boyce, 2003 ) although considerable alterations in the usual norms have besides been reported ( for illustration Clark, 1998 ) . This theoretical statements have been applied as an interpretative model within which the responses of the university to public sector reforms have been evaluated. Similarly, as it is thought of, critical thought involves aptitudes in add-on to certain temperaments. They are brought to bear in placing a trouble and its associated conventions ; clear uping and concentrating the job itself ; and analyzing, understanding and doing usage of deductions, inductive and deductive logic, every bit good as judging the legitimacy and dependableness of the premises, beginnings of informations or information which is available ( e.g. Kennedy, Fisher and Ennis, 1991 ) .3. The educational reforms instance:The chief aim of authorities policy in the past few old ages has been to better the degree and quality of schooling in Pakistan. The authorities vision is to spread out primary instruction and this step can be used to measure whether authorities schools have augmented their coverage, by increasing registrations quicker than the growing in public, particularly at the lower degree because that degree forms the nucleus of the knowing population. Literacy and primary school registration rates in Pakistan have displayed development during last five old ages but they are still hanging behind other states of the part. Deficit of resources and deficient proviso of comfortss and preparation are the primary troubles in instructing and spread outing instruction. The present authorities ‘s program for the sector includes implementing the operation and usage of bing schools, developing the quality of instruction, spread outing registration, polishing entree to instruction and increasing the primary instruction system. Under the 18th constitutional amendment during the reign of General Pervez Musharraf ordinance and direction of the instruction sector has been devolved to the states. They are now held responsible for the assorted cardinal countries of the instruction sector i.e. course of study and course of study, centres of excellence, standardisation of instruction up to intercede degree ( Grade 12 ) and it besides includes the Islamic instruction. Planning and policy and standardisation of instruction beyond Grade 12 are covered under Federal Legislative List which is an of import factor in relationship to the reforms in this country. All the states have emphasized their committedness to the National Education Policy 2009.3.1 National Educational Policy 2009The National Educational Policy ( NEP ) 2009 is an accomplishment which aims to turn to a figure of assorted aims including: oˆ? quality and measure of instruction in schools and college instruction oˆ? cosmopolitan primary instruction which is a portion of UN docket oˆ? improved Early Children Education ( ECE ) known as baby's rooms oˆ? improved installations in primary schools both in rural and urban countries oˆ? change overing primary schools to simple schools oˆ? detaching categories XI-XII from college instruction oˆ? following a comprehensive definition of ‘free ‘ instruction which will supply instruction to every citizen oˆ? accomplishing regional and gender para particularly at simple degree in order to continue gender equality oˆ? provide demand based accomplishments and increase in the portion of resources for instruction in both public and private countries The policy besides defines the motivations of authorities at the federal every bit good as the provincial degree in the country of instruction. The National instruction scheme is being applied through a figure of different strategies and one of the of import strategy in this respect is the Quality Assurance Programme.3.2 Quality Assurance ProgrammeHarmonizing to information from HEC ‘s web site, the mission of the Quality Assurance Programme is to present an integrated quality and confidence direction service for higher acquisition where ends of the strategy are: aˆ? To analyze the spreads in the background of quality of higher instruction in Pakistan aˆ? To run into the tests of planetary adaptibility in higher instruction aˆ? To better the criterions of higher acquisition in cross-cutting countries and assorted degrees aˆ? To develop a executable and maintainable mechanism of quality confidence in the higher instruction sector of the state An adviser of Quality Assurance in HEC is in charge for induction of the Quality Assurance Programme. Under the Quality Assurance Programme, a Quality Assurance Committee was established in 2003. The commission is made of Vice Chancellors from assorted universities with the aim of holding representation from smaller and medium universities and universities for adult females and to better geographical equality. The Team has an extended end to guarantee the appraisal, betterment and publicity of higher instruction. The Committee articulates policies, steering rules and significances for higher instruction establishments, organize programs for the development of the establishments ( in cooperation with the establishments ) and sets up national or regional appraisal councils to transport out enfranchisement of establishments. One of the first undertakings of the commission was to decide on the Ranking of Universities. The ground for this judgement was to: â€Å" advance positive competition and Foster betterment in criterions of higher instruction programmes † ; â€Å" Harmonizing to the Powers and Functions of the Commission as stated in â€Å" Ordinance No. LIII of 2002, Para 10, Clause vitamin E † the Higher Education Commission may put up national or regional rating councils or authorise any bing council or similar organic structure to transport out accreditation of Institutions including their sections, installations and subjects by giving them appropriate evaluations. The Commission shall assist construct capacity of bing councils or organic structures in order to heighten the dependability of the rating carried out by them. † Accreditation councils in Pakistan have been established for calculating and technology, while councils for accreditation are besides planned for agribusiness, concern and instruction. National Computing Education Accreditation Council ( NCEAC ) NCEAC is another organic structure that is bettering the quality of instruction pupils receive in topics in applied scientific disciplines, calculating, technology and engineering instruction in the universities and assorted related establishments of higher instruction in Pakistan. The aims of the said councils are to vouch quality in calculating degree plans in educational establishments by guaranting that programmes run into certain distinguishable criterions or standards. It shall be obligatory for all relevant academic programmes delivered by public and private sector organisations to be accredited by NCEAC. It is besides an aim to guarantee transparence of tantamount survey programmes.4. Critical thought:Evaluation is considered as a nucleus ability. Attitudes or temperaments such as a ‘spirit of enquiry ‘ are besides seen by some writers in the field as really of import ( e.g. Ennis, 1993 ; Perkins, Jay and Tishman, 1993 ) . For illustration, Ennis ‘s position of critical thought involves wide temperaments, movable over different spheres such as being ‘open-minded ‘ , ‘drawing indefensible guesss carefully ‘ and ‘considering the credibleness of grounds ‘ . These capablenesss and temperaments occur with in a planetary mentality in which thought is abstracted as a type of reasoned statement with an explicitly societal dimension ( Kuhn, 1991 ) . Kember ( 1997 ) , after analyzing the available published research grounds, it is suggested that learning attacks in third instruction may be influenced by interaction of factors. For illustration, one factor, course of study made, was seen to act upon university and college lectors to be more subjective in nature when learning instead than on the development of critical thought. This may be due to the fact that content is normally specified far more to the full than perchance generalizable the abilities. It seems excessively that instructors are presented small aid in lighting what is encompassed in the impression of ‘good ‘ thought. Thus they are non clear on what it is they are supposed to be assisting pupils to come on. Not amazingly, deficiency of lucidity about the ability of critical thought leads to misperception about how good thought might be measured ; appraisal and rating of critical thought has been greatly neglected worldwide ( e.g. Kennedy et al. , 1991 ) . Continuing confusion about these jobs seems sometimes to take to education attacks to problem-solving which are dubious to develop more widely movable generalizable critical thought aptitudes and mentalities. Research in the UK farther instruction sector, where the growing of work related thought has been highlighted since the late eightiess, provides illustrations of instruction which is changing with this purpose. Teaching activities probably to develop critical thought were known to be rare in Social Care courses. This was a surprise, provided that the classs in this zone were an induction into a profession which values critical scrutiny ( Anderson et al. , 1997 ) . Bloomer ( 1998 ) reported a similar tendency based upon his research of a scope of assorted programmes taking to the General National Vocational Qualifications ( GNVQ ) . In these classs pupils engaged in much activity, although it seldom included critical scrutiny. However, there appears to be a deficit of published research which examines the advancement of critical thought during degree-level classs. In a survey of critical thought affecting 256 Scots and Australian university pupils analyzing instruction, an enterprise was made to size critical thought utilizing the Smith-Whetton Critical Reasoning Test ( CRT ) , a moderately valid and dependable standardised psychological trial with assortments available for both states viz. UK and Australia ( Pithers and Soden, 1999 ) . Average CRT sums were equated for class campaigners with grades and those who had no grade, every bit good as for stage ( twelvemonth ) of class. Overall, it was found that there were no notable between-group CRT differences for alumnus V non-graduate students or for phase or stage of the class. In fact, alumnus appliers had CRT tonss non significantly greater than nongraduates nor did last phase ( Years 2 and 3 ) pupils, on a average mark, achieved significantly better tha n Stage 1 pupils. As a whole, these consequences propose that the kind of critical thought restrained by the CRT, based on Ennis ‘s ( 1993 ) construct which is drawn shortly, was non being good developed in the third instruction class examined in both states. Nor did the critical thought abilities and temperaments measured by the CRT appear to hold been developed significantly by the pupils during their old survey at degree degree. Furthermore, CRT mean tonss for these pupils were non signi. cantly higher than the normative sample agencies provided in the CRT Manual ( Smith and Whetton, 1992 ) for schoolleavers who had taken scrutinies measure uping them for university entry ( e.g. in the UK, A-levels ; in Australia, HSC-level ) . In a subsequent paper ( in readying ) the writers report cases of critical thought in a sample ( n = 40 ) of essays for a similar grade class whose programme aims included the development of abilities encompassed by the term critical thought ; these abilities were described explicitly in class forms issued to lectors and pupils. Cases of critical thought were rare and there was a high frequence of averments without justification. Lectors, coachs and pupils seemed non to portion an apprehension of what it means to believe critically. These findings, possibly, should non be viewed as surprising, given the published literature over a comparatively long period about the patterns which inhibit critical thought ( e.g. Raths et al. , 1966 ; Sternberg, 1987 ) . Evidence that pupils enter higher instruction with developing ability to believe critically is another statement for happening effectual steps to advance this ability. Kuhn ( 1991 ) supposed that thought as statement was variably implicated in the beliefs people hold, the opinions they make and the decisions they arrive at ; it was at the bosom of mundane thought. Among Kuhn ‘s ‘skills of statement ‘ are the ability to suggest sentiments alternative to one ‘s ain and to cognize what grounds would back up these, to supply grounds that at the same time supports one ‘s ain sentiments while refuting the options and to weigh the equity of one ‘s ain cogent evidence and that of others. Kuhn provided cogent evidence that none of these aptitudes is widespread in the grownup population in the USA, even among those wh o have had a college instruction. In a UK engagement, Anderson et Al. ( 1997 ) confirmed that pupils ‘ thought, as conceptualized in Kuhn ‘s theoretical account, could be meaningfully improved ( over that of a control group ) in the normal course of study by infixing steps flinging the chief subjects in the literature reviewed in this paper. The better measure and quality of accounts the pupils incorporated into their study lettering by the 4th month of the invasion were still evident at the terminal of the academic twelvemonth. Many authors have highlighted that thought and content are closely related. These staffs imply that larning to believe involves larning to utilize content in in turn more sophisticated ways in understanding the universe. Barnet ( 1994, p. 153 ) suggested that an educational purpose should be the growing of wisdom, corporate exchange, and a acknowledgment even a review of interior appraisals ‘ . Bonnett ( 1995 ) claimed that any appraisal of ‘good thought ‘ which fails to afirm the dependability of content is likely to be lacking. Indeed there is sound matter-of-fact grounds that good cognition and good thought are Inseparably tied up ( Bereiter and Scardamalia, 1993 ; Chi, Glaser and Farr, 1988 ) . It appears critical therefore that critical thought is teached in the class of learning subject cognition and implemented through the available agencies at manus. Combination of these thoughts with the descriptions of critical thought already outlined, it appears that one direct and effectual step lectors and instructors could put in in their instruction is to set far more accent on the specific signifiers of concluding within their ain subject country and to supply illustrations of how these signifiers of thought can be applied both within and outside of that subject. Another of import strand in the discourse on ‘good thought ‘ which helps to mix the thoughts antecedently outlined is the impression of self-regulation of thought ( e.g. Schunk and Zimmerman, 1994 ) . The guess is that this metacognitive ability, for illustration, affecting perceptual experience, review, opinion and determination devising, are all factors which allows people to orchestrate and self-regulate their ain acquisition strategies and those capablenesss are included in the term ‘critical thought ‘ . It is critical to add them in the instruction reforms as stated by the groundss shown above where we see a deficiency of any existent important factor that indicates a motion towards foregrounding the accomplishment of term critical thought in the instruction reforms mandate.5. Decision:On the bases of the thoughts originating from the current reforms performed by the authorities in bettering the quality of instruction every bit good as the surveies of doing pupils more of a critical mind, the demands of the twenty-four hours are non merely to spread out the current instruction substructure but to do pupils a more critical minds so that better Human resource is available at every degree of the authorities and private sector. ( Pithers, Rebecca 2010 ) It will be really hard for a state that has so many jobs including the first and foremost of security issue since the government alteration in Afghanistan. The primary issues included in this respect are: unrest in the Baluchistan state and tribal countries, a batch of resources traveling waste on protection of atomic assets of the state along with a menace of confrontation with the adjacent India. At the minute the instruction reform looks to be concealing behind these issues of security, poorness and wellness. It is rather likely to stay like that unless a strong committedness from a sure authorities is shown. I suggest that the undermentioned docket should be entered into the instruction policy and implemented through the Quality confidences plans in order to develop critical thought in the pupils and better instruction in Pakistan. Research grounds suggests that larning to believe good needs to be acknowledged explicitly as an purpose and appropriate alterations made to classs. Lonka and Ahola ( 1995 ) interpreted their consequences as proposing that there are two qualitatively different ways of come oning in psychological science surveies: high-quality active acquisition, which may be decelerate in the beginning, but provides qualitatively better consequences in the long tally, and extremely structured lecture/tutorial instruction, which is related to success in early stages of analyzing. There would look to be benefits in passing the full grade course of study, so that the sum of freshman subject specific information could be reduced to let the pupils clip to prosecute in activities which are likely to develop their rational abilities. The inquiry of how much subject cognition is good for pupils demands to be revisited. Research suggests excessively at all educational degrees that staff development enterprises may necessitate to concentrate more on instructors ‘ constructs of instruction and learning if they are to set up the instruction methods suggested in a generative manner. In fact some empirical research specifies rather strong relationships between instructors ‘ constructs and instruction attacks ( Kember, 1997 ) .Teachers or lectors who are merely wining the guidelines in plan paperss do non look to learn rational well. Kember suggests that constructs of instruction can be summarized in footings of two wide alliances labeled teacher-centred/contentoriented and student-centred/learning-oriented.The teacher-centred orientation comprises beginnings that instruction is about leaving information or conveyance planned cognition, whereas the student-centred orientation includes beliefs that instruction is about easing apprehensions, advancing theoretical alteration and rational developm ent. It will be about clip that Pakistan ‘s instruction reform policy put a serious idea of presenting it into the current instruction scenario.